"Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. "Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands." (May 9, 2022) "Reducing Urban Heat islands: Compendium of Strategies." June 2014. "Benefits of Single-Ply Roofing Membranes." Jan. "Cost of Modified Bitumen Roof." (May 9, 2022) "Is Ballast Green?" Professional Roofing Magazine. "How Much Does It Cost to Replace A Rubber Roof in 2022?" June 15, 2021. "City of Chicago Recognizes Ballasted EPDM as 'Cool Roof" Alternative." May 29, 2009. "Other Types of Roofing That Can Save Energy." (May 9, 2022) "General Cool Roof and Wall FAQs." (May 9, 2022) "Steep Slope Cool Roofing Systems Increase Energy Efficiency." (May 9, 2022) Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association.Increasing the roofs solar reflectance to 0.74 from 0.44 reduced monthly heat flux through the roof in summer (JuneAugust 2009) by 1722. This typically requires one coat of a reflective material and another of an emissive material that releases heat. Shen and Tan (2009) at Tongji University measured reduction in roof heat flux from application of a reflective roof coating to a naturally ventilated factory in Guangzhou. Finally, special coatings or pigments can sometimes be added to an existing asphalt surface to convert a standard roof to a cool roof. Another is to apply something called a mineral surfaced cap sheet, which incorporates reflective granules or a reflective coating into the roofing material itself. One is to replace the surface layer with white gravel or reflective marble chips to increase its solar reflectance. Traditionally, the asphalt and surface gravel in a built-up roof have been black or dark gray, trapping much more light and heat than they release, but there are several ways to make a built-up roof cooler. Built-up roofing involves layering a base sheet of asphalt or bitumen with fabric, followed by a protective layer of gravel, mineral granules or some sort of aggregate rock. Because it's inexpensive, easy to apply and easy to repair, it's among the most commonly used roofing systems for flat and low-sloped roofs. Built-up roofing is the term for the standard tar-and-gravel roof.
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